Discover Axum: The Heart of Ancient Ethiopia
Axum continues to be a favored destination for tourists, as shown by the growing number of visitors each year. The city offers a range of captivating attractions, including major historical landmarks such as the Obelisk of Axum and the St. Mary of Zion Church, which is famously believed to house the Ark of the Covenant. Visitors can also explore the Queen of Sheba Palace, archaeological museums, ancient monuments, and many other intriguing sites that make Axum an unforgettable day trip destination in Ethiopia.
About Axum
Axum (also spelled Aksum) is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Ethiopia, with a rich and complex history stretching back over 3,000 years. It flourished as the political and cultural center of the Axumite Kingdom, eventually becoming the historic capital of the Axumite Empire and one of the holiest cities in Ethiopia.
Axum was not only a powerful kingdom but also the center of one of the most sophisticated civilizations in the ancient world. It reached its peak in the 3rd century, becoming one of the four great powers of its time alongside Persia, Rome, and China. The Axumites are known for major contributions such as the creation of the Ge’ez alphabet, the Ethiopian calendar, coin minting, and a powerful naval trading network.
They also erected massive stone obelisks to mark royal tombs of emperors and nobles. The iconic Obelisk of Axum remains the most famous. Additionally, Axum was among the first Christian kingdoms in the world, adopting Christianity as the state religion in 331 A.D.
Is the Ark of the Covenant Found in Axum?
The location of the Ark of the Covenant—the holiest physical manifestation of God’s presence for the people of Israel—has remained a mystery for centuries. Although it is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament, its exact whereabouts are unknown. Many theories exist, and it has inspired books and films, including Steven Spielberg’s Raiders of the Lost Ark.
In Ethiopia, however, many believe the Ark is kept in Axum based on long-standing church tradition, and this belief is widely accepted by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians.
According to tradition, the Ark of the Covenant is securely guarded by a single monk inside a small chapel within the compound of the St. Mary of Zion Church. The story of the Ark’s journey to Ethiopia is recorded in the 16th-century book Kebra Nagast (“Glory of the Kings”).
The Queen of Sheba is said to have traveled to Jerusalem to meet King Solomon, and during her visit, she later gave birth to his son, Menelik I (“Son of the King”).
As Menelik grew older, he returned to Jerusalem to meet his father. When he later returned to Ethiopia, he was accompanied by Israelite nobles. According to tradition, the Ark of the Covenant was secretly taken and brought to Ethiopia during this journey.
Since then, it is believed to have remained in Axum, where it is guarded in complete secrecy. The chapel is extremely small, and no one is allowed to enter except the appointed Guardian Monk, who dedicates his life to prayer and protection of the Ark.
When is the Best Time to Visit Axum?
The best time to visit Axum is during the dry season, when northern Ethiopia experiences its most pleasant weather conditions.
October to February (Best Season)
This is the ideal travel period, with sunny skies, mild temperatures, and comfortable conditions throughout the day. It is also the peak tourist season, with more visitors exploring churches, hotels, and major attractions.
Axum Zion Maryam Celebration
A major highlight is the Axum St. Mary of Zion celebration, held annually on November 30 (December 1 in leap years). Thousands of pilgrims gather in the city for this deeply spiritual event. The celebration begins on the eve of the feast and continues with vibrant religious ceremonies. Early booking for accommodation is highly recommended due to high demand.
March to June
This period may include some rainfall. Tourist numbers are moderate, and the city is less crowded compared to peak season.
June to September
This is the main rainy season. While travel is still possible, fewer tourists visit during this time.
How to Get to Axum
Traveling to Axum can be done in several ways. Most visitors choose flights through tour operators for convenience and time efficiency. Public buses are also available, offering a more budget-friendly and immersive experience through Ethiopia’s landscapes.
How to Get Around Axum
The most convenient way to explore Axum is by renting private transport through hotels or tour companies, offering comfort and flexibility.
Another popular option is the Tuk Tuk (Bajaj), a three-wheeled local vehicle used for short-distance travel. Shared rides typically cost around 5–10 Birr per person. Private rides usually range from 50 to 200 Birr, depending on distance and negotiation.
Must-See Things to Do in Axum
While in Axum, don’t miss its most important historical and cultural landmarks, including:
- Obelisk of Axum
- Tomb of King Kaleb
- King Ezana Inscription
- Archaeological Museum
- Queen of Sheba Palace
- St. Mary of Zion Church
Day Trips from Axum
Yeha
Yeha is home to one of Ethiopia’s oldest temples, built using limestone blocks without mortar. It is believed to be one of the oldest settlements in the country and is about an hour from Axum.
Debre Damo
Debre Damo is one of Ethiopia’s oldest monasteries, founded in the 6th century. It is famously accessible only by climbing a 24-meter cliff using a leather rope, offering a unique and adventurous experience.
Adwa Mountains
Adwa Mountains are historically significant as the site of the Battle of Adwa against Italian forces. Today, visitors can hike and enjoy breathtaking panoramic views.
Where to Eat in Axum
Axum offers a variety of restaurants and hotels serving both international and traditional Ethiopian cuisine.
For European-style meals, top hotel restaurants include Atranos Hotel, Sabina, Remhai Hotel, Consular Hotel, and the Africa Hotel, which offers affordable Western and local dishes.
For traditional Ethiopian cuisine and culture, visit Antica Special Cultural Restaurant or Lucy Traditional Restaurant, where guests can enjoy authentic food, music, and cultural performances.
During fasting seasons, many restaurants do not serve meat dishes in accordance with Orthodox Christian traditions.
Souvenir Shopping in Axum
Shopping in Axum offers a wide variety of Ethiopian handicrafts, including scarves, traditional dresses, religious icons, and antique-style artifacts.
Along the main road toward the St. Mary of Zion Church, visitors will find many souvenir shops offering handmade crafts and cotton textiles. The Traditional Basket Market is also a colorful and highly recommended stop for authentic local products.